Marker‐assisted introgression of rare allele of β‐carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) gene into elite quality protein maize inbred for combining high lysine,tryptophan and provitamin A in maize

Vitamin A deficiency in humans is a widespread health problem. Quality protein maize (QPM) is a popular food rich in lysine and tryptophan, but poor in provitamin A (proA). Here, we report the improvement of an elite QPM inbred, HKI1128Q for proA using marker‐assisted introgression of crtRB1‐favourable allele. HKI1128 was one of the parental lines of three popular hybrids in India and was converted to QPM in our earlier programme. Severe segregation distortion for crtRB1 was observed in BC₁F₁, BC₂F₁ and BC₂F₂. Background selection by 100 SSRs revealed mean recovery of 91.07% recurrent parent genome varying from 88.78% to 93.88%. Across years, introgressed progenies possessed higher mean β‐carotene (BC: 9.22 µg/g), β‐cryptoxanthin (BCX: 3.05 µg/g) and provitamin A (proA: 10.75 µg/g) compared to HKI1128Q (BC: 2.26 µg/g, BCX: 2.26 µg/g and proA: 3.38 µg/g). High concentration of essential amino acids, viz. lysine (mean: 0.303%) and tryptophan (0.080%) in endosperm, was also retained. Multi‐year evaluation showed that introgressed progenies possessed similar grain yield (1,759–1,879 kg/ha) with HKI1128Q (1,778 kg/ha). Introgressed progenies with higher lysine, tryptophan and proA hold immense potential as donors and parents in developing biofortified hybrids.     

干热河谷印楝树干液流密度动态变化特征研究

采用TDP技术对金沙江干热河谷元谋段主要造林树种印楝的树干液流密度动态变化进行了观测,得到3点主要结论:①无论干热季节或湿润季节,印楝树干液流密度昼夜变化的规律性较强,呈明显的单峰曲线;②由干热季节转向湿润季节时,印楝树干液流密度呈下降趋势,5年生印楝在5月、7月及10月的典型晴天里的树干液流密度日变化平均值分别为12.11、7.48及6.90cm3·cm-2·h-1;③在干热季节里印楝蒸腾耗水具有相当的被动性,而在湿润季节时其蒸腾耗水则表现出主动性和平氨性,反映了印楝在不同季节里的耗水机制差异.     

高产、优质多抗夏播糯高梁商梁七号的选育

商粱七号高粱新杂交种是利用824A细胞质雄性不育系作母本，自育恢复系商恢六号作父本，杂交选育而成。经过两年新组合观察试验，两年华北夏播生态区高粱预备区域试验，产量均居第二位，2009—2010年参加两年的华北夏播生态区高粱区域试验，产量居该试验的第二位；该杂交种淀粉含量高达74．20％，支链淀粉占总淀粉的74．19％，是一个比较理想的酿造专用高粱新品种。     

维生素A对肉牛脂肪沉积及其调控的研究进展

维生素A是肉牛维持正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的一类脂溶性维生素，机体自身不能合成，必须由饲粮供给。饲粮中维生素A不仅影响肉牛视觉和骨骼发育，也对肉牛脂肪沉积和肌肉大理石花纹形成等发挥着重要调控作用。在生产中，肉牛处在不同生理阶段对维生素A的需要量也不同，胎牛和犊牛阶段补充维生素A可增强肌内脂肪细胞发育和脂肪细胞增生，促进肌内脂肪沉积；育肥期限饲维生素A可提高肉牛的肌内脂肪沉积和大理石花纹等级。大理石花纹与牛肉的嫩度和风味密切相关，是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标。维生素A在肉牛体内通过其活性代谢产物视黄醇、视黄醛和视黄酸促进脂肪的形成，并在成脂定型、成脂分化和脂质蓄积的每个阶段都发挥重要作用。脂肪沉积过程受转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors，PPARs）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins，C/EBPs）和Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活因子（JAK-STAT）信号转导通路等调控。表观遗传修饰的DNA甲基化和去甲基化也可通过调控脂肪形成过程中相关基因的表达参与脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪组织的生长发育，从而影响肉牛的脂肪沉积。作者主要介绍了脂肪组织不同阶段的形成过程和维生素A的生物学功能；重点阐述了肉牛在不同生理阶段补充和限饲维生素A，通过转录因子的表达、表观遗传修饰等途径来影响成脂相关信号通路调控脂肪沉积的机理，以期为促进维生素A改善肉牛品质和高档牛肉生产提供参考。     

基于变量优选与机器学习的干旱区湿地土壤盐渍化数字制图

土壤盐渍化是导致土壤退化和生态系统恶化的主要原因之一，对干旱区的可持续发展构成主要威胁。为了尽可能精确地监测土壤盐渍化的空间变异性，该研究收集新疆艾比湖湿地78个典型样点，其中选取54个样本作为训练集，24个样本作为独立验证集。基于Sientinel-2 多光谱传感器（Multi-Spectral Instrument，MSI）、数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model，DEM）数据提取3类指数（红边光谱指数、植被指数和地形指数），经过极端梯度提升（Extreme Gradient Boosting，XGBoost）算法筛选有效特征变量，构建了关于土壤电导率（Electrical Conductivity，EC）的随机森林（Random Forest，RF）、极限学习机（Extra Learning Machine，ELM）和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression，PLSR）预测模型，并选择最优模型绘制了艾比湖湿地盐渍化分布图。结果表明：优选的红边光谱指数基本能够预测EC的空间变化；红边光谱指数与植被指数组合建模效果总体上优于其与地形指数的组合，3类指数组合的建模取得了较为理想的预测精度，其中RF模型表现最优（验证集R2=0.83，RMSE=4.81 dS/m，RPD=3.11）；在整个研究区内，中部和东部地区土壤盐渍化程度尤为严重。因此，XGBoost所筛选出的环境因子结合机器学习算法可以实现干旱区土壤盐渍化的监测。     

质核互作型不育系阜CMS5A大豆的选育及应用

阐述了质核互作型不育系阜CMS5A大豆的选育经过,总结了其特征特性,并分析了其应用成效,以供参考。     

栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对獭兔胆汁分泌和胆囊平滑肌运动调节研究

为了研究栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对獭兔胆汁分泌和离体胆囊平滑肌肌条运动的影响，通过对獭兔实施胆管插管术，建立胆汁引流模型，应用 BL-420E 生物机能实验系统观察记录上述中药对胆汁分泌的影响；并取獭兔胆囊平滑肌，应用 HW-400S 恒温平滑肌槽和 BL-420E 生物机能实验系统，观察记录上述中药对胆囊平滑肌运动的影响。结果显示，栀子水煎剂可显著增加胆汁的分泌（P ＜0．05）和胆囊平滑肌收缩张力（P ＜0．05）；龙胆和茵陈水煎剂可显著增加胆汁的分泌（P ＜0．05），但对胆囊平滑肌收缩张力作用不显著（P ＞0．05）。说明栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂均可促进獭兔胆汁分泌，且栀子可提高胆囊平滑肌收缩张力，但龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对胆囊平滑肌收缩张力影响不显著。     

Tanshinone ⅡA induces apoptosis via JNK signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma HOS cells

AIM: To explore the effect of tanshinone ⅡA on human osteosarcoma HOS cells and the underlying mechanism.METHODS: The cell viability and the appropriate dose of tanshinone ⅡA were determined by CCK-8 assay. Colony formation assay and Transwell assay were used to investigate the proliferation and migration abilities of the HOS cells treated with tanshinone ⅡA. The apoptosis of the HOS cells was monitored by Hoechst 33258 staining, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. The protein levels of apoptosis-related molecules and JNK signaling-associated proteins were determined by Western blot. Meanwhile, a JNK inhibitor was added for confirming the relationship between the pathway and apoptosis mentioned above.RESULTS: Tanshinone ⅡA inhibited both HOS cell proliferation and migration in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Exposure of the HOS cells to tanshinone ⅡA resulted in the activation of apoptosis. Tanshinone ⅡA treatment increased the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and JNK signaling-associated proteins, and decreased the protein level of Bcl-2, which were reversed by JNK inhibitor SP600125. Moreover, the result of CCK-8 assay revealed that tanshinone ⅡA-induced cell death was alleviated by JNK inhibitor.CONCLUSION: Tanshinone ⅡA induces cell growth inhibition and the activation of apoptosis via JNK signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma HOS cells.     

饲料中维生素A对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢酶活性及基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中维生素A(VA)对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响,实验选取360尾初始体质量为(6.10±0.10) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分配至3个实验组中,每个实验组设置3个平行。采用单因素实验设计,以无维酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源、菜籽油为脂肪源、糊精为糖源,同时添加矿物质混合物和维生素混合物(无VA添加)配制成3组实验饲料,分别以饲料1 (Diet1)、饲料2 (Diet2)和饲料3 (Diet3)表示。在饲料1、饲料2和饲料3中分别添加0、2 200和20 000 IU/kg VA醋酸酯(500 000IU/g),经高效液相色谱法(Agilent-1100, Agilent,美国)检测后实验饲料中VA的实际含量分别为178.2、2 058.9和18 436.2 IU/kg,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中VA缺乏会显著降低青鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR);VA缺乏会显著降低血清血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)浓度,增加总胆固醇(TCH)浓度。饲料中添加2 058.9IU/kg VA能显著提高肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白-2 (GLUT-2)、HK、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、PFK和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)基因表达。当饲料中VA含量为2 058.9 IU/kg时,对肝脏脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP-1)基因表达无显著影响,但显著影响肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-2 (CPT-2)基因表达。当饲料中VA缺乏时,CPT-1和CPT-2基因表达受到显著性抑制;当饲料中添加过量VA时,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2 (ACC-2)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达受到抑制;同时,VA过量组中肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)基因表达显著下降。研究表明,在饲料中添加2 058.9 IU/kg VA可以促进青鱼幼鱼生长,提高肝脏对葡萄糖的转运能力,促进糖酵解和糖异生代谢平衡,同时促进脂肪酸合成和转运。